Science

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Mapping the Chemistry Needed for Life at Europa

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This color composite view combines violet, green, and infrared images of Jupiter's intriguing moon, Europa, for a view of the moon in natural color (left) and in enhanced color designed to bring out subtle color differences in the surface (right). The bright white and bluish part of Europa's surface is composed mostly of water ice, with very few non-ice materials. In contrast, the brownish mottled regions on the right side of the image may be covered by hydrated salts and an unknown red component. The yellowish mottled terrain on the left side of the image is caused by some other unknown component. Long, dark lines are fractures in the crust, some of which are more than 3,000 kilometers (1,850 miles) long.

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Hubble Sees Light and Dust in a Nearby Starburst Galaxy

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Scientist Studies How to Turn Cancer Drugs Into Their Own Delivery Systems:Key is incorporating water properties into effective nanoscale systems

In recent years, many popular cancer treatments have been using nano, that is, tiny particles of polymers or carbon-based materials to transport chemotherapy drugs to tumors in a way that specifically targets cancer cells, while sparing normal cells. But this approach has several problems.

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(Left) Schematic illustration of the design concept for self-assembling drug amphiphiles. The drug loading within the self-assembled nanostructures is defined by the nature of molecular design. (Right) TEM image of nanotubes formed by self-assembly of a drug amphiphile containing four camptothecin drugs. These nanotubes possess a fixed drug loading of 38% (w/w).

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Hubble Breaks Record in Search for Farthest Supernova

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This is a Hubble Space Telescope view of supernova SN UDS10Wil, nicknamed SN Wilson that exploded over 10 billion years ago. The small box in the top image pinpoints SN Wilson's host galaxy in the CANDELS survey. The image is a blend of visible and near-infrared light. The three bottom images, taken in near-infrared light demonstrate how the astronomers found the supernova. The image at far left shows the host galaxy without SN Wilson. The middle image, taken a year earlier, reveals the galaxy with SN Wilson. The supernova cannot be seen because it is too close to the center of its host galaxy. To detect the supernova, astronomers subtracted the left image from the middle image to see the light from SN Wilson, shown in the image at far right.

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Dwarf planet sized up accurately as it blocks light of faint star

Astronomers have accurately measured the diameter of the faraway dwarf planet Eris for the first time by catching it as it passed in front of a faint star. This event was seen at the end of 2010 by telescopes in Chile, including the Belgian TRAPPIST telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory. The observations show that Eris is an almost perfect twin of Pluto in size. Eris appears to have a very reflective surface, suggesting that it is uniformly covered in a thin layer of ice, probably a frozen atmosphere.

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Hubble Sees J 900 Masquerading as a Double Star

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Manchester leads the way in graphene membrane research

University of Manchester graphene researchers have been awarded a £3.5m funding boost that could bring desalination plants, safer food packaging and enhanced disease detection closer to reality.

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Artistic view:Water easily evaporates through graphene oxide membranes but they represent an impermeable barrier for other molecules.

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ORNL microscopy uncovers "dancing" silicon atoms in graphene

Jumping silicon atoms are the stars of an atomic scale ballet featured in a new Nature Communications study from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory researchers used electron microscopy to document the 'dancing' motions of silicon atoms, pictured in white, in a graphene sheet.

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Shining light on elusive dark matter

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Space Station after AMS-02 installation.

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Cartilage damaged from exercise may aid in early osteoarthritis detection

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disorder, affecting about one-third of older adults, and currently there is no cure. The nanoscale biomechanical properties of cartilage at joints change at the earliest stages of osteoarthritis, making the tissue more prone to damage during fast physical activities. The findings could improve early detection of the disease as well as tissue engineering strategies to repair damaged cartilage in patients.

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These are images of (a) normal human joint cartilage, and (e) cartilage with very early matrix GAG loss. (b) Histologic image of a normal cartilage stained with Toluidine Blue to visualize content of GAGs. (f) Histologic image of a GAG-depleted cartilage (c) Schematic of extracellular matrix of normal cartilage composed mainly of collagen fibers and aggrecan (g) Schematic of matrix of GAG-depleted cartilage (d,h) Schematic of AFM-based dynamic compression of normal (d) and GAG-depleted (h) cartilage, which results in intra-tissue fluid flow velocity depicted by the blue arrows (from Finite element model computer simulations): loss of GAG (h) enables more fluid to flow out of the cartilage at high loading rates. (i) Human aggrecan imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)