Iran Plots to Unite Regional Allies in Four-Pronged Attack on Israel

Iran is coordinating with regional allies, including Hezbollah, Hamas and the Houthis, in a plan to launch a joint attack on Israel. Tehran is reportedly seeking to consolidate all forces aligned with Iran and coordinate simultaneous action across multiple fronts, in an effort to avoid the poor coordination that characterized the Oct. 7, 2023 attacks.
Iran is attempting to bring Lebanon’s Hezbollah, the Palestinian Islamist group Hamas, Yemen’s Houthi movement and pro-Iranian militias in Iraq into a unified military campaign. Israel has found that members of the so-called “Axis of Resistance” have not only continued to conduct joint military exercises, but have also developed closer operational and personal ties, while improving coordination in political and military decision-making.
Internal Hamas documents seized by Israel in the Gaza Strip show that the late Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar had sought to expand the conflict by drawing additional battlefronts, including Lebanon, Syria and the Sinai Peninsula, into the fighting. The documents stressed the need to link the various fronts and prepare in advance for external battlefronts, including establishing communication mechanisms for both peacetime and wartime.
Hamas’ leadership transition has also played an important role in Iran’s efforts to wage a multi-front war against Israel. Khalil al-Hayya, who was elected Hamas’ new leader in July, has close ties with Iran and for years has been a key figure in maintaining Hamas’ relationship with Tehran. Al-Hayya has also strengthened the faction within Hamas’ leadership that seeks to maintain close strategic ties with Iran.
There are also signs that Iran is working to rebuild the military alliance known as the “Axis of Resistance” and restore coordination mechanisms among its various fronts. A report in August indicated that, with Iran’s assistance, Hamas and Hezbollah had stepped up coordination while increasing pressure on Israel from both the south and the north. With Iranian support, Hamas and Hezbollah have recently begun coordinating increased activities against Israel.
Meanwhile, Iran has accelerated the production of missiles and drones as it works to rebuild military capabilities damaged in previous attacks. The balance of power within Iran’s network of allied forces has also shifted. With Hezbollah severely weakened and the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria, Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and the Houthi movement in Yemen have taken on greater importance within Tehran’s regional network.
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