Nobel Prize in Physics Celebrates Cosmology & Exoplanets | WPN World People News

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 to James Peebles (Princeton University), Michel Mayor (University of Geneva, Switzerland), and Didier Queloz (University of Geneva, Switzerland, and University of Cambridge, United Kingdom), "for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth's place in the cosmos," with one half to Peebles "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" and the other half jointly to Mayor and Queloz "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star."

Jim Peebles's insights into physical cosmology have enriched the entire field of research and laid a foundation for the transformation of cosmology over the last fifty years, from speculation to science. His theoretical framework, developed since the mid-1960s, is the basis of our contemporary ideas about the universe.

The Big Bang model describes the universe from its very first moments, almost 14 billion years ago, when it was extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding, becoming larger and colder. Barely 400,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe became transparent and light rays were able to travel through space. Even today, this ancient radiation is all around us and, coded into it, many of the universe's secrets are hiding. Using his theoretical tools and calculations, Peebles was able to interpret these traces from the infancy of the universe and discover new physical processes.

The results showed us a universe in which just 5% of its content is known, the matter that constitutes stars, planets, trees — and us. The rest, 95%, is unknown dark matter and dark energy. This is a mystery and a challenge to modern physics.

In October 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced the first discovery of a planet outside our solar system, an exoplanet, orbiting a solar-type star in our home galaxy, the Milky Way. At the Haute-Provence Observatory in southern France, using custom-made instruments, they were able to see planet 51 Pegasi b, a gaseous ball comparable with the solar system's biggest gas giant, Jupiter.

This discovery started a revolution in astronomy, and more than 4,000 exoplanets have since been found in the Milky Way. Strange new worlds are still being discovered, with an incredible wealth of sizes, forms, and orbits. They challenge our preconceived ideas about planetary systems and are forcing scientists to revise their theories of the physical processes behind the origins of planets. With numerous projects planned to start searching for exoplanets, we may eventually find an answer to the eternal question of whether other life is out there.

This year's Nobel laureates have transformed our ideas about the cosmos. While Peebles's theoretical discoveries contributed to our understanding of how the universe evolved after the Big Bang, Mayor and Queloz explored our cosmic neighborhoods on the hunt for unknown planets. Their discoveries have forever changed our conceptions of the world.

Prize amount: 9 million Swedish krona (about $909,000), with one half to Peebles and the other half jointly to Mayor and Queloz.
In 1993 Jim Peebles was the AAS Henry Norris Russell Lecturer, and in 2015 the AAS Council (now Board of Trustees) elected Michel Mayor as an Honorary Member of the Society.

Source: American Astronomical Society